Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

• I have seen that movie twenty times.
• I think I have met him once before.
• There have been many earthquakes in California.
• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
  B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

• I have been to France.
  This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
  You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
  This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
  B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

• James has not finished his homework yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

• The army has attacked that city five times.
• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
• We have had many major problems while working on this project.
• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

• Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
• I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
• They have had three tests in the last week.
• She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
• My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

• I went to Mexico last year.
  I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
  I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

• I have had a cold for two weeks.
• She has been in England for six months.
• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You have only seen that movie one time.
• Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
• That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

Past Continous Tense

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
 The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but had not finished:

I started doing          I was doing         I finished doing                   
———I——————————————————————-I——————————–I—–
Past                                                                                      Now            
Examples:                          
- This time last year I was living in Dublin.                                                  
- What were you doing at 10 o´clock last night?
- I waved to her but she wasn´t looking.

Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and past simple (I did):
Past continuous (in the middle of an action)
- I was walking home when I met Dave. (= in the middle of walking home)
- Ann was studying English when the phone rang in the school
Past simple (complete action)
- I walked home after the party last night (= all the way, completely)
- Ann learnt English a lot when she was ill last year.

We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:
- Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner.
- I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
- While I was working in Ireland, I hurt my back.

But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:
- I was walking along the road when I saw my teacher. So I stopped and we had chat.

Compare:
- When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= We had already started dinner before Karen arrived.)
- When Karen arrived, we had dinner. (= First Karen arrived and then we had dinner.
There are some verbs (for example, know/want/believe) that are normally used in the continuous:
- We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not “we were knowing”)
- I was enjoying the party but Chris wanted to go home. (not “was wanting”)      

Simple Past Tense

  The Simple Past in English is very easy to form but can be a little confusing to use. This video and the notes below will help you understand how, when and where to use the Simple Past. Remember, that you can also do a lot of tests and exercises in English4Today as well as listen to podcasts in the English4Today Blog about the Simple Past.

   BE CAREFUL!
The Simple Past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.

1. Simple past,form
Regular verbs: base+ed
e.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped

Irregular verbs: see list in verbs

Simple Past: be, have, do:

Subject	Verb
	Be	Have	Do
I	was	had	did
You	were	had	did
He,she, it	was	had	did
We	were	had	did
You	were	had	did
They	were	had	did

Affirmative

1. I was in Japan last year
2. She had a headache yesterday.
3. We did our homework last night.

Negative and interrogative

Note:
For the negative and interrogative simple past form of “do”
as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary “do”, e.g. We didn’t
do our homework last night. The negative of “have”
in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary “do”,
but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction “n’t”.

The interrogative form of “have” in the simple past normally
uses the auxiliary “do”.

• They weren’t in Rio last summer.
• We hadn’t any money.
• We didn’t have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
• We didn’t do our exercises this morning.
• Were they in Iceland last January?
• Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy?
• Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Simple past, regular verbs

Affirmative
Subject	verb + ed
I	washed
Negative
Subject	did not	infinitive without to
They	didn’t	visit …
Interrogative
Did	subject	infinitive without to
Did	she	arrive…?
Interrogative negative
Did not	subject	infinitive without to
Didn’t	you	like..?

Example:
to walk, simple past.

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I walked	I didn’t walk	Did I walk?
You walked	You didn’t walk	Did you walk?
He,she,it walked	He didn’t walk	Did he walk?
We walked	We didn’t walk	Did we walk?
You walked	You didn’t walk	Did you walk?
They walked	They didn’t walk	Did they walk?

Note: For
the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple
past, always use the auxiliary ‘did”.
Examples: Simple
past, irregular verbs

to go
a. He went to a club last night.
b. Did he go to the cinema last night?
c. He didn’t go to bed early last night.

to give
d. We gave her a doll for her birthday.
e. They didn’t give John their new address.
f. Did Barry give you my
passport?

to come
g. My parents came to visit me last July.
h. We didn’t come because it was raining.
i. Did he come to your party last week?
2. Simple past, function
The simple past
is used to talk about a completed action in a time before
now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be
in the recent past or the distant past.

• John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
• My father died last year.
• He lived in Fiji in 1976.
• We crossed the Channel yesterday.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened,
so it is associated with certain past time expressions
Examples:

• frequency:often,sometimes, always;
• a definite point in time:last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.
• an indefinite point in time:the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into
the past. It is placed after the period of time e.g.
a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

Examples:
a. Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
b. She finished her work at seven o’clock.
c. We saw a good film last week.
d. I went to the theatre last night.
e. She played the piano when she was a child.
f. He sent me a letter six months ago.
g. Peter left five minutes ago.

Procedure

PROCEDURE TEXT 

Definition of Procedure

Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series

Generic Structure of Procedure

1. Goal: showing the purpose

2. Material: Telling the needed materials

3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose

Language Feature of Procedure

· Using temporal conjunction

· Using action verb

· Using imperative sentence

· Using Simple Present Tense

 procedureis kind of text which teaches on how to make something completely. Procedure text is dominantly structured with imperative sentence since it actually an instruction. Procedure text usually explain the ingredient or material which is need, though sometime it is omitted, after that procedure text will explain step by step how to make the thing. See the following example of procedure text!


Example :
The Procedure of Making Meatballs

  ingredients :

• 1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)
• 2 eggs
• 300 grams of tapioca-flour
• 4-8 cloves of garlic
• 1 red onion
• 1 teaspoon of white pepper
• 2 teaspoons of salt

Steps :

• First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.
• Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.
• After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth.
• Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.
• Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.
• Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the meatball are ready to serve.

Narrative Text

1.      The Purpose of Narrative Text

The purpose of narrative text is to amuse or entertain the readers.

Narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn a resolution.

2.      The Generic Structure (Parts) of Narrative Text

There are three parts of narrative text, those are:

1)     Orientation

It sets the scene and introduces the participants of the story.

2)     Complication

It shows when the crisis arises.

3)     Resolution

It shows when the crisis is resolved, for a better or worse condition.

Note:

The structure of narratives occurs in the text variously. A text may have only one complication and resolution, but another text may have more than one complication and resolution.

3.      The grammatical features of narratives

There are some grammatical features of narratives, those are:

1)     Use of adjectives to build noun groups to describe the people, animals, or things in the story, such as …. a nice, diligent and kind-hearted man;

2)     Use of time connectives and conjunctions to sequence events through time, such as however, although, later, then;

3)     Use of adverbs and adverbial phrases to locate the particular events, such asonce upon a time, long time ago;

4)     Use of past tenses, such as Aji Saka went to the kingdom, measured the size of the turban ….;

5)     Use of action verbs to indicate the actions, such as fleed, explained, provided, smashed; and

6)     Use of saying and thinking verbs to indicate what characters are feeling, thinking, or saying, such as told, realized, decided.

Example of Narrative Text

Rina : Hi, Doni. What's up? You look so sad. Doni : Yea, my grandpa died last night. Rina : Really? I'm sorry to hear that. Doni : Thanks. Rina : If I'm not mistaken, he is in Bandung, right? Doni : Yes. We haven't visited him yet. Rina : Does your family plan to go to Bandung? Doni : Yes. Tonight. We are going to leave for Bandung. Rina : Oh, I hope your family will be fine. Doni : Thanks a lot, Rina. Dalam percakapan antara Rina dan Doni di atas terdapat satu ungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy) yakni "I'm sorry to hear that." Rina menyatakan ikut berduka cita atas meninggalnya kakek Doni.

Read more at: http://www.sekolahoke.com/2011/11/contoh-dialog-expressing-sympathy.html
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Contoh Dialog Expressing Sympathy Berikut ini contoh dialog mengungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy). Materi ini diperuntukkan bagi siswa SMA kelas X. Rina : Hi, Doni. What's up? You look so sad. Doni : Yea, my grandpa died last night. Rina : Really? I'm sorry to hear that. Doni : Thanks. Rina : If I'm not mistaken, he is in Bandung, right? Doni : Yes. We haven't visited him yet. Rina : Does your family plan to go to Bandung? Doni : Yes. Tonight. We are going to leave for Bandung. Rina : Oh, I hope your family will be fine. Doni : Thanks a lot, Rina. Dalam percakapan antara Rina dan Doni di atas terdapat satu ungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy) yakni "I'm sorry to hear that." Rina menyatakan ikut berduka cita atas meninggalnya kakek Doni

Read more at: http://www.sekolahoke.com/2011/11/contoh-dialog-expressing-sympathy.html
Copyright Sekolahoke.com - Belajar Bahasa Inggris Online di sekolahoke.com yuk! Klik aja http://www.sekolahoke.com/ Under Common Share Alike Atribution

Contoh Dialog Expressing Sympathy Berikut ini contoh dialog mengungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy). Materi ini diperuntukkan bagi siswa SMA kelas X. Rina : Hi, Doni. What's up? You look so sad. Doni : Yea, my grandpa died last night. Rina : Really? I'm sorry to hear that. Doni : Thanks. Rina : If I'm not mistaken, he is in Bandung, right? Doni : Yes. We haven't visited him yet. Rina : Does your family plan to go to Bandung? Doni : Yes. Tonight. We are going to leave for Bandung. Rina : Oh, I hope your family will be fine. Doni : Thanks a lot, Rina. Dalam percakapan antara Rina dan Doni di atas terdapat satu ungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy) yakni "I'm sorry to hear that." Rina menyatakan ikut berduka cita atas meninggalnya kakek Doni.

Read more at: http://www.sekolahoke.com/2011/11/contoh-dialog-expressing-sympathy.html
Copyright Sekolahoke.com - Belajar Bahasa Inggris Online di sekolahoke.com yuk! Klik aja http://www.sekolahoke.com/ Under Common Share Alike Atribution

   The Lion and The Mouse

Once, as a lion lay sleeping in his den, a naughty little mouse ran up his tail, and onto his back and up his mane and danced and jumped on his head, so that the lion woke up.

lion angry and mouseThe lion grabbed the mouse and, holding him in his large claws, roared in anger. 'How dare you wake me up! Don't you know that I am King of the Beasts? Anyone who disturbs my rest deserves to die! I shall kill you and eat you!'

The terrified mouse, shaking and trembling, begged the lion to let him go. 'Please don't eat me Your Majesty! I did not mean to wake you, it was a mistake. I was only playing. Please let me go - and I promise I will be your friend forever. Who knows but one day I could save your life?'

The lion looked at the tiny mouse and laughed. 'You save my life? What an absurd idea!' he said scornfully. 'But you have made me laugh, and put me into a good mood again, so I shall let you go.' And the lion opened his claws and let the mouse go free.

'Oh thank you, your majesty,' squeaked the mouse, and scurried away as fast as he could.

A few days later the lion was caught in a hunter's snare. Struggle as he might, he couldn't break free and became even more entangled in the net of ropes. He let out a roar of anger that shook the forest. Every animal heard it, including the tiny mouse.

Giving Instruction

Giving Instruction

 

1.      The Definition of Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that used to give or ask somebody to do something that what we want. Giving instruction same with imperative sentence.

 2.      Forms of Giving Instruction

There are two form of giving instruction, those are:

1)     Command

There are some giving instruction in command form that usually we use in the dialy life, those are:

Verb + object

• Examples:
• Watch out, come here.
• Eat your meal.
• Switch off the phone in class.
• Please + verb + object
• Examples:
• Please clean your room now.
• Please wash your hand first.
• Please press the button gently.
• Please read the rules first.
• Please read the direction for use first.

Verb + object + please

• Examples:
• Wash this towel, please.
• Sit down, please.
• Close the window, please.
• Open the door, please.
• Remove the pan from the heat, please.

Be + adjective

• Examples:
• Be yourself.
• Be a good boy/girl.
• Be strong.
• Be happy.
• Be polite.
• Be careful.
• Be gentle.

 2)     Prohibition

There are some giving instruction in prohibition form that usually we use in the dialy life, those are:

Don’t + verb infinitive without to

• Examples:
• Don’t eat the fried chicken in the cupboard.
• Don’t close it!
• Don’t open the door!
• Don’t eat that!
• Don’t approach!
• Don’t disturb me now!
• Don’t touch my hand!

Don’t + be + adjective

• Examples:
• Don’t be noisy.
• Don’t be lazy.
• Don’t + verb + object + please
• Examples:
• Don’t close the window, please.
• Don’t make me sad anymore, please.
• Don’t treat me bad, please.

Would you mind not + verb-ing + object

• Examples:
• Would you mind not reading my diary.
• Would you mind not enter my room.
• Would you mind not use my gadget.

No + verb-ing

• Examples:
• No smoking!
• No swimming!
• No parking.
• No fishing.

 example:

Calculating the standard deviation

First, put the scores in order down the page.
Then, work out the mean.
Now calculate how much each deviates from the mean.
Next, square each of these deviations.
Add them all up.
Now divide by the number of scores.
Lastly find the square root.
This is the standard deviation.

Giving Attention

Giving Attention

 

1.      The Definition of Gaining Attention

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

2.      Expressions We Can Use to Ask Other People Attention

 Here are some expressions we can use to ask aother people attention.

1)     Attention, please!

2)     May/can I have your attention, please?

3)     Look!

4)     Look here!

5)     Excuse me!

6)     Excuse me, look here!

7)     Listen to me, please.

8)     Waiter?

9)     I’m sorry, but ….

10)Wow, really?

11)Excuse me, look here, please.

12)I’m listening.

    

examples:

Examples of Attention to Detail

Some of the examples by which you can showcase your keen attention to detail to the interviewer are:
1. Talk about job role specifications and try understanding the deliverables. Ask questions.
2. Try exhibiting your knowledge about the organization, the teams involved, the current market scenario and how the organization is trying to tackle the situations.
Lack of attention to detail
Lack of attention to detail is not really a good trait.
In fact, it is something that most of the employers look down upon. After all, no one wants to hire a lazy bum who pays no attention to details!
How to improve attention to details
Anyone can improve his/her attention to details. All that is required is an intent and focus to achieve it. Perhaps, the best way to develop the trait is to start paying attention to things around you and gradually begin dwellin