rimasenglish

GREETING

 

   Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other animals) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures.
Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.
Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.
Secret societies have clandestine greeting rituals that allow members to recognize common membership.
     
     A greeting can consist of an exchange of formal expression, a simple kiss, a hand shake or a hug. The form of greeting is determined by social etiquette, as well as by the relationship of the people.
Beyond the formal greeting, which may involve a verbal acknowledgment and sometimes a hand shake, facial expression, gestures, body language and eye contact can all signal what type of greeting is expected. Gestures are the most obvious signal, for instance greeting someone with open arms is generally a sign that a hug is expected.^[1] However, crossing arms can be interpreted as a sign of hostility. Facial expression, body language and eye contact reflect emotions and interest level. A frown, slouching and lowered eye contact suggests disinterest, while smiling and an exuberant attitude is a sign of welcome.
   Throughout all cultures people greet one another as a sign of recognition, affection, friendship and reverence. While hand shakes, hugs, bows, nods and nose rubbing are all acceptable greetings, the most common greeting is a kiss, or kisses, on the cheek. Cheek kissing is most common in Europe and Latin America and has become a standard greeting in Southern Europe.^[2]
While cheek kissing is a common greeting in many cultures, each country has a unique way of kissing. In Russia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, the Netherlands and Egypt it is customary to “kiss three times, on alternate cheeks.”^[3] Italians & Hungarians usually kiss twice in a greeting and in Mexico and Belgium only one kiss is necessary. In the Galapagos women kiss on the right cheek only^[4] and in Oman it is not unusual for men to kiss one another on the nose after a handshake.^[5] French culture accepts a number of ways to greet depending on the region. Two kisses are most common throughout all of France but in Provence three kisses are given and in Nantes four are exchanged.^[6] However, in Finistère at the western tip of Brittany and Deux-Sèvres in the Poitou-Charentes region, one kiss is preferred. ^[7]
     

ANNOUNCEMENT, MESSAGE, AND PERSONAL LETTER

1. ANNOUNCEMENT 
An announcement is a public statement which gives information about something that has happened or that will happen

EXAMPLE

2. MESSAGE

 message is information which is sent from a source to a receiver. Some common definitions include:

    Any thought or idea expressed in a language, prepared in a form suitable for transmission by any means of communication.
    An arbitrary amount of information whose beginning and end are defined or implied.

In communication between humans, messages can be verbal or nonverbal:

    A verbal message is an exchange of information using words. Examples include face-to-face communication, telephone calls, voicemails, etc.
    A nonverbal message is communicated through actions or behaviors rather than words. Examples include the use of body language and the actions made by an individual idea.

MESSAGE

    SHORT MESSAGE
 (Short messaging) Short Message Service (SMS) is the text communication service component of phone, web or mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. ...

EXAMPLE
 

SHORT MESSAGE

3. PERSONAL LETTER

A personal letter is a type of letter which provides communication between a small number of people, usually two. There are many types of personal letters and they are written for a wide variety of reasons:

• One person wishes to attain information from an individual or a business.
• One person wishes to tell somebody about themselves, as in pen pals.
• One person wishes to present to an individual or a business a social note, such as a thank-you or a congratulation.
• One person wishes to communicate with an acquaintance - friend or family, for example in order to maintain and reinforce the bond between them.

Surviving personal letters are often an important source of information about the lives of historical figures.

ex:

 

Appointment

Appointment

 

1.      The Definition of Appointment 

Appointment is a kind of expression which is used to conduct an appointment.

2.      Expressions We Can Use to Make and Accept an Appointment

Here are some expressions we can use to make and accept an appointment.

Making an Appointment

1)     Will you pick me up at ….? (example: tomorrow morning 2 p.m.)

2)     What if we go ….? (examples: cycling on car free day next Sunday, swimming this afternoon)

3)     Will you go out with me ….? (example: tonight)

4)     I’ll go to …. (example: your house at 3 p.m.). It’s all right?

5)     I’d like to make an appointment with …. (examples: you, him, her)

6)     I want to make an appointment to see …. (examples: my dentist, my private teacher)

7)     I’d like you to come and see me.

8)     Can we meet at …. (examples: Kitchen Restaurant, Aquarius Hotel)

9)     Can I come and see you?

10)   What about …. (example: tomorrow afternoon at 4 p.m.)

Accepting an Appointment

1)     Okay. I’ll be there on time.

2)     No problem. I’m free …. (examples: on Sunday, at that day, at that time)

3)     Sure, I love it.

4)     Good idea.

5)     Definitely!

6)     All right, see you there.

7)     It is a deal.

8)     Sure.

9)     Why not?

3.      Expressions We Can Use to Cancel an Appointment

Here are some expressions we can use to cancel an appointment.

Cancel an Appointment

1)     I’m sorry. I can’t meet you today. I have to see my dentist. Can we reschedule?

2)     We’re terribly sorry we have to cancel our appointment. Mr. Tanaka’s flight is delayed for two hours.

3)     I’m afraid I have to put off put appointment because I have an urgent business to do.

4)     Sorry. I can’t meet you this weekend since I have another appointment.

5)     Sorry, I can’t meet you tomorrow. I’m busy at that day.

 Examples

Read the dialogs.

Dialog 1

Lehm    : Valmet, do you fancy going for lunch

Valmet  :  Yeah, why not ?
Lehm    : Er... after school at Bu Nita's food stall ?
Valmet  : Yes!

Lehm    : See you there then

Valmet  : See you

The sentences in bold are used to make and accept an appointment. In the dialog, Lehm makes an appointment with Valmet to have lunch in the BU Rita's food stall. Then, Valmet accepts the invitation by saying, “Yes”.

Dialog 2
Hidenori  : Tadakuni, can we talk for a second?

Tadakuni : Yes, sure. Is there something serious ?
Hidenori  : Yes. In fact I have to cancel our appointment this afternoon. I'm sorry, Tadakuni.

Tadakuni : That's O.K.
The sentences in bold are used to cancel an appoinment.

Invitation Pronunciation

Definition of invitation

noun

• a written or verbal request inviting someone to go somewhere or to do something: a wedding invitation
• [mass noun] the action of inviting someone to go somewhere or to do something: a club with membership by invitation only a herb garden where guests can only go at the invitation of the chef
• [in singular] a situation or action that tempts someone to do something or makes a particular outcome likely: tactics like those of the colonel would have been an invitation to disaster
  
  

  Inivitation

  INVITATION
  
  

  Invitation is the way to invite someone or more to go to place or to do something.

  Purpose is to invite someone or more to come to an event.

  There are two types of Invitation :

  1. Formal Invitation

  2. Informal Invitation

    1. Formal & Informal Invitation
  
  

  Formal invitation is usually originate from institutes, companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

  Informal Invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

  
  

  2. Example of Formal Invitation

   
  

  STUDENTS ORGANITATION OF VOCATIONAL HIGHT SCHOOL TELECOMUNICATION OF SHANDY PUTRA BANJARBARU

  Jl. Panglima No. 17 telp.085386866301

  To  :Calista

    Class : X-3

    Would you please attend our meeting that will be held :

    Day/Date  : on Saturday 21th September 2012

    Time  : at 10.00 am

    Place  : in the meeting room

    Agenda  : Final preparation for speech.

    Please come on time, see you there !

     

  Hannah Anafelow                                        Elizabeth Mildford, M.Pd                                        

          Secretary                                                              Chair Person

    3. Example of Informal Invitation

  From  : yustien

  To  : rima

  Hi yus, tomorrow is my mother and father wedding anniversary . At my
  

  wedding anniversary, my parents 30 years old. And I would like you to come to my wedding anniversary:

    Date  : Appril 20th 2012

    Time  : 07.00 pm

    Place  : at my garden.

    I’ll be happy if you come to my wedding anniversary.

    

  4. Extending (Expressions of Inviting)

  Example :

  1.I would like you to come to my house?

  2.Would you like to come to my restaurant?

  3.How would you like to go camping with us next month?

  4.If you are not busy, please try to come to my office.

  5.Are you free this evening?

  6.Let’s go to the Jazz Festival!

  7.Can you come?

  8.Please try to come

  9.We hope you will join us

  10.If you don’t have any other plans, would you come to the café?

  
  

  
  

   5. Accepting an Invitation

  Example :

  1.I’d love to

  2.I like that

  3.That sounds great

  4.Thank you for the invitation

  5.That would be wonderful

  6.I’d be glad to

  7.That sounds like fun

  8.It’s very nice

  9.It’s sounds interesting

  10.All, Right!

  11.Thank you, I will come

  12.O.K!    

   6. Declining/Refusing

  Example :

  1.I’d love to, but I can’t

  2.I’m really sorry because I can’t come

  3.Sorry, I’m really busy

  4.I’d love to, but I won’t be able to

  5.I’d love to, but I don’t think I can

  6.Sorry, I can’t go with you

  7.Sorry, that would not be possible . Thanks anyway

   7. Dialogue of Invitation

   

  Dialogue of Accepting  Invitation :

  Natsu   : Would you like to go with me to  Gray’s birthday party?

  Lucy  : Sure. I’d like to.

  Natsu  : Great!!

  Lucy  : What time is the party?

  Natsu   : The party is at 07.00 pm, so I will                pick you up at 06.30 pm.

  Lucy     : Okay. Do I need to bring a present with me?  

  Natsu  : No, I’ll take care of it.

  Lucy  : Okay, then. See you. 
  
  

  
  

  Expressing Sympathy

   

   

  1. Definition

  Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By sympathy expression we want to show our concern of corefuiness or other people’s condition.

  2. How to express sympathy

  We express sympathy expression directly to him / her orally or use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), television, radio, E-mail, and newspaper if he/she who go trouble is from use.

  3. example of Expresing Sympathy :
   Example Dialogues
  Person 1: I've been rather sick lately.
  Person 2: I hope you feel better soon.
  Person 1: Tim has been having a lot of troubles lately. I think he might be getting a divorce.
  Person 2: I'm sorry to hear about Tim's problems. I hoe things get better for him soon.
  It's also common to express sympathy in writing. Here are some common phrases you can use when writing a sympathy note to someone. Notice that is common to use the plural 'we' and 'our' when expressing written sympathy as a way to express that a family
  My heartfelt condolences on your loss.
  Our thoughts are with you.
  She/he was a lot of things to many people and will
  
  

  Advertisement

  

  The definition of Advertisement:

  Advertisement is promotion of goods, services, companies, and ideas that must be paid by a sponsor.

  Function of Advertisement:

  •          Promotion

  •          Communication

  •          Information

  Language of Advertisement:

  •          Using the correct or suitable words

  •          Using positive expression

  •          Using the interesting and suggestive expression

  •          Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals

  In making Advertisement, keep the following points:

  •          The contents of advertisement must objective and honest

  •          Short and clean

  •          Does not allude other group or producer

  •          Use word that polite and logical

  •          Attract attention

  Kinds of Advertisement:

  •          Family advertisement

  Expressing Happiness

  Expressing Happiness

   

  1.      The Definition of Happiness Expression:
  

  Happiness expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

  What is happiness?

  -It is important to first understand that the term “happiness” refers to the emotion, mood, and state of happiness; however researchers generally study the more enduring “state”.

  -Expression happiness is used to express happiness feelings when we are successful to do something.

   2.      Expressing Happiness

  Here are some expressions to show happiness

  ü  That’s wonderful!

  ü  That’s fantastic!

  ü  That’s good!

  ü  I find it very exciting.

  ü  Good job!

  ü  Great!

  ü  Fantastic!

  ü  Terrific!

  ü  Hooray!

  ü  Yippee!

  ü  What a great idea!

  ü  It sounds like fun.

  ü  It is good news.

  ü  I’m pleased/delighted about it.

  ü  It’s the best thing I’ve heard …. (examples: ever, for a long time)

  ü  I’m satisfied with ….

  ü  Congratulations!

  ü  I’m very happy because/on …. (examples: you success, your graduate)

  ü  Well done.

  ü  My life’s fun of happy day.

  ü  You really make me happy.

  ü  I like …. (example: to know that)

  ü  I love …. (example: to hear that)

  ü  It was great.

   Examples

  Read the dialogs.

   ext 1
  Hilal : Hi, Najmi! Haven’t seen you for a long time. How is it going?
  Najmi : Oh, hi Hilal….. It’s great, thanks. How is everything with you?
  Hilal : Well, I’m fine. As a matter of fact, I was promoted as a manager.
  Najmi : Wow, that’s really great. I’m glad to hear that. I’m sure you will have a good career.
  Hilal : Thank you. And how about you? I’ve heard you are a secretary now.
  Najmi : Yes, you’re right. That’s what I want since I was young.
  Answer the following questions.
  1.Who are involved in the dialogue above?
  2.What is the relationship between Hilal and Najmi?
  3.Where does the conversation take place?
  4.Who works as a secretary?
  5.What does Najmi say to express her happiness?
  
  Text 2
  Najmi : Have you ever heard that Icha and Doni are getting married?
  Hilal : Oh, really? What a surprise. I’m very pleased to hear that. When is the wedding?
  Najmi : Next week. Will you come to their wedding party.
  Hilal : Of course. How about you?
  Najmi : I’ll go there with my husband. Well, if you want we can go there together.
  Hilal : All right. Pick me up at 1.
  Answer the following questions.
  1.Who are involved in the dialogue above?
  2.What is the relationship between Nico and Olga?
  3.Where does the conversation take place?
  4.When will the wedding party?
  5.Who will come to the wedding party?
  
  
  
  
  
  

  Giving Attention

   

  

  1.      The Definition of Gaining Attention

  Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

  2.      Expressions We Can Use to Ask Other People Attention

   Here are some expressions we can use to ask aother people attention.

  1)     Attention, please!

  2)     May/can I have your attention, please?

  3)     Look!

  4)     Look here!

  5)     Excuse me!

  6)     Excuse me, look here!

  7)     Listen to me, please.

  8)     Waiter?

  9)     I’m sorry, but ….

  10)Wow, really?

  11)Excuse me, look here, please.

  12)I’m listening.

      

  examples:

  
  

  Examples of Attention to Detail

  Some of the examples by which you can showcase your keen attention to detail to the interviewer are:
  1. Talk about job role specifications and try understanding the deliverables. Ask questions.
  2. Try exhibiting your knowledge about the organization, the teams involved, the current market scenario and how the organization is trying to tackle the situations.
  Lack of attention to detail
  Lack of attention to detail is not really a good trait.
  In fact, it is something that most of the employers look down upon. After all, no one wants to hire a lazy bum who pays no attention to details!
  How to improve attention to details
  Anyone can improve his/her attention to details. All that is required is an intent and focus to achieve it. Perhaps, the best way to develop the trait is to start paying attention to things around you and gradually begin dwellin

  
  

  Giving Instruction

   

  

  1.      The Definition of Giving Instruction

  Giving instruction is an expression that used to give or ask somebody to do something that what we want. Giving instruction same with imperative sentence.

   2.      Forms of Giving Instruction

  There are two form of giving instruction, those are:

  1)     Command

  There are some giving instruction in command form that usually we use in the dialy life, those are:

  Verb + object

  • Examples:
  • Watch out, come here.
  • Eat your meal.
  • Switch off the phone in class.
  • Please + verb + object
  • Examples:
  • Please clean your room now.
  • Please wash your hand first.
  • Please press the button gently.
  • Please read the rules first.
  • Please read the direction for use first.

  Verb + object + please

  • Examples:
  • Wash this towel, please.
  • Sit down, please.
  • Close the window, please.
  • Open the door, please.
  • Remove the pan from the heat, please.

  Be + adjective

  • Examples:
  • Be yourself.
  • Be a good boy/girl.
  • Be strong.
  • Be happy.
  • Be polite.
  • Be careful.
  • Be gentle.

   2)     Prohibition

  There are some giving instruction in prohibition form that usually we use in the dialy life, those are:

  Don’t + verb infinitive without to

  • Examples:
  • Don’t eat the fried chicken in the cupboard.
  • Don’t close it!
  • Don’t open the door!
  • Don’t eat that!
  • Don’t approach!
  • Don’t disturb me now!
  • Don’t touch my hand!

  Don’t + be + adjective

  • Examples:
  • Don’t be noisy.
  • Don’t be lazy.
  • Don’t + verb + object + please
  • Examples:
  • Don’t close the window, please.
  • Don’t make me sad anymore, please.
  • Don’t treat me bad, please.

  Would you mind not + verb-ing + object

  • Examples:
  • Would you mind not reading my diary.
  • Would you mind not enter my room.
  • Would you mind not use my gadget.

  No + verb-ing

  • Examples:
  • No smoking!
  • No swimming!
  • No parking.
  • No fishing.

  
   example:
  
  
  

  Calculating the standard deviation

  First, put the scores in order down the page.
  Then, work out the mean.
  Now calculate how much each deviates from the mean.
  Next, square each of these deviations.
  Add them all up.
  Now divide by the number of scores.
  Lastly find the square root.
  This is the standard deviation.

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  Narrative Text

  

  1.      The Purpose of Narrative Text

  The purpose of narrative text is to amuse or entertain the readers.

  Narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn a resolution.

  2.      The Generic Structure (Parts) of Narrative Text

  There are three parts of narrative text, those are:

  1)     Orientation

  It sets the scene and introduces the participants of the story.

  2)     Complication

  It shows when the crisis arises.

  3)     Resolution

  It shows when the crisis is resolved, for a better or worse condition.

  Note:

  The structure of narratives occurs in the text variously. A text may have only one complication and resolution, but another text may have more than one complication and resolution.

  3.      The grammatical features of narratives

  There are some grammatical features of narratives, those are:

  1)     Use of adjectives to build noun groups to describe the people, animals, or things in the story, such as …. a nice, diligent and kind-hearted man;

  2)     Use of time connectives and conjunctions to sequence events through time, such as however, although, later, then;

  3)     Use of adverbs and adverbial phrases to locate the particular events, such asonce upon a time, long time ago;

  4)     Use of past tenses, such as Aji Saka went to the kingdom, measured the size of the turban ….;

  5)     Use of action verbs to indicate the actions, such as fleed, explained, provided, smashed; and

  6)     Use of saying and thinking verbs to indicate what characters are feeling, thinking, or saying, such as told, realized, decided.

  Example of Narrative Text

  
  

  Rina : Hi, Doni. What's up? You look so sad. Doni : Yea, my grandpa died last night. Rina : Really? I'm sorry to hear that. Doni : Thanks. Rina : If I'm not mistaken, he is in Bandung, right? Doni : Yes. We haven't visited him yet. Rina : Does your family plan to go to Bandung? Doni : Yes. Tonight. We are going to leave for Bandung. Rina : Oh, I hope your family will be fine. Doni : Thanks a lot, Rina. Dalam percakapan antara Rina dan Doni di atas terdapat satu ungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy) yakni "I'm sorry to hear that." Rina menyatakan ikut berduka cita atas meninggalnya kakek Doni.
  
  Read more at: http://www.sekolahoke.com/2011/11/contoh-dialog-expressing-sympathy.html
  Copyright Sekolahoke.com - Belajar Bahasa Inggris Online di sekolahoke.com yuk! Klik aja http://www.sekolahoke.com/ Under Common Share Alike Atribution

  Contoh Dialog Expressing Sympathy Berikut ini contoh dialog mengungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy). Materi ini diperuntukkan bagi siswa SMA kelas X. Rina : Hi, Doni. What's up? You look so sad. Doni : Yea, my grandpa died last night. Rina : Really? I'm sorry to hear that. Doni : Thanks. Rina : If I'm not mistaken, he is in Bandung, right? Doni : Yes. We haven't visited him yet. Rina : Does your family plan to go to Bandung? Doni : Yes. Tonight. We are going to leave for Bandung. Rina : Oh, I hope your family will be fine. Doni : Thanks a lot, Rina. Dalam percakapan antara Rina dan Doni di atas terdapat satu ungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy) yakni "I'm sorry to hear that." Rina menyatakan ikut berduka cita atas meninggalnya kakek Doni
  
  Read more at: http://www.sekolahoke.com/2011/11/contoh-dialog-expressing-sympathy.html
  Copyright Sekolahoke.com - Belajar Bahasa Inggris Online di sekolahoke.com yuk! Klik aja http://www.sekolahoke.com/ Under Common Share Alike Atribution

  Contoh Dialog Expressing Sympathy Berikut ini contoh dialog mengungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy). Materi ini diperuntukkan bagi siswa SMA kelas X. Rina : Hi, Doni. What's up? You look so sad. Doni : Yea, my grandpa died last night. Rina : Really? I'm sorry to hear that. Doni : Thanks. Rina : If I'm not mistaken, he is in Bandung, right? Doni : Yes. We haven't visited him yet. Rina : Does your family plan to go to Bandung? Doni : Yes. Tonight. We are going to leave for Bandung. Rina : Oh, I hope your family will be fine. Doni : Thanks a lot, Rina. Dalam percakapan antara Rina dan Doni di atas terdapat satu ungkapan simpati (expressing sympathy) yakni "I'm sorry to hear that." Rina menyatakan ikut berduka cita atas meninggalnya kakek Doni.
  
  Read more at: http://www.sekolahoke.com/2011/11/contoh-dialog-expressing-sympathy.html
  Copyright Sekolahoke.com - Belajar Bahasa Inggris Online di sekolahoke.com yuk! Klik aja http://www.sekolahoke.com/ Under Common Share Alike Atribution

     The Lion and The Mouse
  

  
  

  

  Once, as a lion lay sleeping in his den, a naughty little mouse ran up his tail, and onto his back and up his mane and danced and jumped on his head, so that the lion woke up.

  
  

  lion angry and mouseThe lion grabbed the mouse and, holding him in his large claws, roared in anger. 'How dare you wake me up! Don't you know that I am King of the Beasts? Anyone who disturbs my rest deserves to die! I shall kill you and eat you!'

  
  

  The terrified mouse, shaking and trembling, begged the lion to let him go. 'Please don't eat me Your Majesty! I did not mean to wake you, it was a mistake. I was only playing. Please let me go - and I promise I will be your friend forever. Who knows but one day I could save your life?'

  
  

  The lion looked at the tiny mouse and laughed. 'You save my life? What an absurd idea!' he said scornfully. 'But you have made me laugh, and put me into a good mood again, so I shall let you go.' And the lion opened his claws and let the mouse go free.

  
  

  'Oh thank you, your majesty,' squeaked the mouse, and scurried away as fast as he could.

  
  

  A few days later the lion was caught in a hunter's snare. Struggle as he might, he couldn't break free and became even more entangled in the net of ropes. He let out a roar of anger that shook the forest. Every animal heard it, including the tiny mouse.

  
  
  
  PROCEDURE TEXT 
  

  Definition of Procedure

  Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series

  Generic Structure of Procedure

  1. Goal: showing the purpose

  2. Material: Telling the needed materials

  3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose

  Language Feature of Procedure

  · Using temporal conjunction

  · Using action verb

  · Using imperative sentence

  · Using Simple Present Tense

  
  
   procedureis kind of text which teaches on how to make something completely. Procedure text is dominantly structured with imperative sentence since it actually an instruction. Procedure text usually explain the ingredient or material which is need, though sometime it is omitted, after that procedure text will explain step by step how to make the thing. See the following example of procedure text!
   
  
  Example :
  The Procedure of Making Meatballs
  
    ingredients :
  
  
  

  • 1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)
  • 2 eggs
  • 300 grams of tapioca-flour
  • 4-8 cloves of garlic
  • 1 red onion
  • 1 teaspoon of white pepper
  • 2 teaspoons of salt

  
  Steps :
  
  

  • First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.
  • Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.
  • After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth.
  • Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.
  • Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.
  • Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the meatball are ready to serve.

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

  RECOUNT TEXT

  
  

  

  
  

     Definition of Recount

  Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative

  
  

     Generic Structure of Recount

  1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time

  2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past

  3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

  
  

      Language Feature of Recount

  • Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc

  • Using chronological connection; then, first, etc

  • Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc

  • Using action verb; look, go, change, etc

  • Using simple past tense

  
  

  
  

  Examples :

  My Adventure at Leang Cave

  Orientation On Sunday, my parents, my best fruend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang . It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!

  Event 1 The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash.

  Event 2 The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their ‘kitchen’. The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.

  Reorientation After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!

  Jedi anda Jada

  Orientation Hai, I,m Jedi . I have a twin sister, named Jada.
  Event 1 We were born on August 5, 1992. we are in the eighth grade now. Jada and I do everything together.We are in the same class.We dress alike.We look the same.We always get other people confused.This really makes Jada and I laugh.Teachers and friends always get us mixed up at school.even our father has troubles telling us apart.Our mother doesn’t. She alays know which twin is which.Jada and I often try to confuse her, but it has never happened.
  Event 2 Mother came to the rescue, and refused to make us cut our hair.We were happy just the way we were and didn,t want to change.Our dad just shook his head. He would have to stay confused.Jada and I didn’t care.
  Reorientation : We knew which one was which, and that was all that mattered.
  A Visit to a Sheep Property
  ORIENTATION : Last holidays I visited a sheep property. I helped in the shearing sheds and in the yards.
  EVENT  1 : On the first day the Merino wethers were crutched. I helped by sweeping up after the rouseabout picked up the wool pieces. Shearers start early (at 7.30 am)
  EVENT 2 : After lunch, we started shearing the lambs. There were more than 400 so we didn’t finish until the next day. Once again I was sweeping and picking up dags.
  EVENT 3 : I was tired by the end of the day in the shed but our work wasn’t finished. We all had to help to get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks. As well, we had to get a mob of ewes and their lambs into the yards for shearing the next day. Then it was time for tea (that’s what my nanna calls dinner).
  REORIENTATION : This was a very long day but I enjoyed it a lot.
  

  Our trip to the Blue Mountain

  
  Orientation On Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at David and Della’s house. It has a big garden with lots of colourful flowers and a tennis court.
  
  Event  1 On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the scenic railway. It was scary. Then, Mummy and I went shopping with Della. We went to some antique shops and I tried on some old hats.
  
  Event  2 On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked. We saw cockatoos having a shower.
  
  
  
  

  Simple Past Tense

    The Simple Past in English is very easy to form but can be a little confusing to use. This video and the notes below will help you understand how, when and where to use the Simple Past. Remember, that you can also do a lot of tests and exercises in English4Today as well as listen to podcasts in the English4Today Blog about the Simple Past.
  
     BE CAREFUL!
  The Simple Past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.
  
  1. Simple past,form
  Regular verbs: base+ed
  e.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped
  
  Irregular verbs: see list in verbs
  
  Simple Past: be, have, do:
  

  Subject	Verb
  	Be	Have	Do
  I	was	had	did
  You	were	had	did
  He,she, it	was	had	did
  We	were	had	did
  You	were	had	did
  They	were	had	did

  
  Affirmative
  

  1. I was in Japan last year
  2. She had a headache yesterday.
  3. We did our homework last night.

  
  Negative and interrogative
  

  Note:
  For the negative and interrogative simple past form of “do”
  as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary “do”, e.g. We didn’t
  do our homework last night. The negative of “have”
  in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary “do”,
  but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction “n’t”.

  The interrogative form of “have” in the simple past normally
  uses the auxiliary “do”.
  

  • They weren’t in Rio last summer.
  • We hadn’t any money.
  • We didn’t have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
  • We didn’t do our exercises this morning.
  • Were they in Iceland last January?
  • Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy?
  • Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

  
  Simple past, regular verbs
  

  Affirmative
  Subject	verb + ed
  I	washed
  Negative
  Subject	did not	infinitive without to
  They	didn’t	visit …
  Interrogative
  Did	subject	infinitive without to
  Did	she	arrive…?
  Interrogative negative
  Did not	subject	infinitive without to
  Didn’t	you	like..?

  Example:
  to walk, simple past.
  

  Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
  I walked	I didn’t walk	Did I walk?
  You walked	You didn’t walk	Did you walk?
  He,she,it walked	He didn’t walk	Did he walk?
  We walked	We didn’t walk	Did we walk?
  You walked	You didn’t walk	Did you walk?
  They walked	They didn’t walk	Did they walk?

  
  Note: For
  the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple
  past, always use the auxiliary ‘did”.
  Examples: Simple
  past, irregular verbs
  
  to go
  a. He went to a club last night.
  b. Did he go to the cinema last night?
  c. He didn’t go to bed early last night.
  
  to give
  d. We gave her a doll for her birthday.
  e. They didn’t give John their new address.
  f. Did Barry give you my
  passport?
  
  to come
  g. My parents came to visit me last July.
  h. We didn’t come because it was raining.
  i. Did he come to your party last week?
  2. Simple past, function
  The simple past
  is used to talk about a completed action in a time before
  now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be
  in the recent past or the distant past.
  

  • John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
  • My father died last year.
  • He lived in Fiji in 1976.
  • We crossed the Channel yesterday.

  
  You always use the simple past when you say when something happened,
  so it is associated with certain past time expressions
  Examples:
  

  • frequency:often,sometimes, always;
  • a definite point in time:last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.
  • an indefinite point in time:the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

  Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into
  the past. It is placed after the period of time e.g.
  a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
  
  Examples:
  a. Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
  b. She finished her work at seven o’clock.
  c. We saw a good film last week.
  d. I went to the theatre last night.
  e. She played the piano when she was a child.
  f. He sent me a letter six months ago.
  g. Peter left five minutes ago.
  
  
  
  PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
   The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but had not finished:
  
  I started doing          I was doing         I finished doing                   
  ———I——————————————————————-I——————————–I—–
  Past                                                                                      Now            
  Examples:                          
  - This time last year I was living in Dublin.                                                  
  - What were you doing at 10 o´clock last night?
  - I waved to her but she wasn´t looking.
  
  Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and past simple (I did):
  Past continuous (in the middle of an action)
  - I was walking home when I met Dave. (= in the middle of walking home)
  - Ann was studying English when the phone rang in the school
  Past simple (complete action)
  - I walked home after the party last night (= all the way, completely)
  - Ann learnt English a lot when she was ill last year.
  
  We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:
  - Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner.
  - I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
  - While I was working in Ireland, I hurt my back.
  
  But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:
  - I was walking along the road when I saw my teacher. So I stopped and we had chat.
  
  Compare:
  - When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= We had already started dinner before Karen arrived.)
  - When Karen arrived, we had dinner. (= First Karen arrived and then we had dinner.
  There are some verbs (for example, know/want/believe) that are normally used in the continuous:
  - We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not “we were knowing”)
  - I was enjoying the party but Chris wanted to go home. (not “was wanting”)       

   

   

   

   

   

  Present Perfect

  FORM

  [has/have + past participle]
  

  Examples:
  

  • You have seen that movie many times.
  • Have you seen that movie many times?
  • You have not seen that movie many times.

  
  

  USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

  
  We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
  

  Examples:
  

  • I have seen that movie twenty times.
  • I think I have met him once before.
  • There have been many earthquakes in California.
  • People have traveled to the Moon.
  • People have not traveled to Mars.
  • Have you read the book yet?
  • Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
  • A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
    B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

  How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

  The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
  

  TOPIC 1 Experience

  You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
  

  Examples:
  

  • I have been to France.
    This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
  • I have been to France three times.
    You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
  • I have never been to France.
    This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
  • I think I have seen that movie before.
  • He has never traveled by train.
  • Joan has studied two foreign languages.
  • A: Have you ever met him?
    B: No, I have not met him.

  TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

  We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
  

  Examples:
  

  • You have grown since the last time I saw you.
  • The government has become more interested in arts education.
  • Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
  • My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

  TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

  We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
  

  Examples:
  

  • Man has walked on the Moon.
  • Our son has learned how to read.
  • Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
  • Scientists have split the atom.

  TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

  We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
  

  Examples:
  

  • James has not finished his homework yet.
  • Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
  • Bill has still not arrived.
  • The rain hasn't stopped.

  TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

  We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
  

  Examples:
  

  • The army has attacked that city five times.
  • I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
  • We have had many major problems while working on this project.
  • She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

  Time Expressions with Present Perfect

  When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
  
  Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
  
  

  Examples:
  

  • Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
  • I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
  • They have had three tests in the last week.
  • She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
  • My car has broken down three times this week.

  NOTICE

  "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
  

  Examples:
  

  • I went to Mexico last year.
    I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
  • I have been to Mexico in the last year.
    I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

  USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

  
  With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
  

  Examples:
  

  • I have had a cold for two weeks.
  • She has been in England for six months.
  • Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

  Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
  

  ADVERB PLACEMENT

  The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
  

  Examples:
  

  • You have only seen that movie one time.
  • Have you only seen that movie one time?

  ACTIVE / PASSIVE

  Examples:
  

  • Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
  • That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

  
  
  
  

  English Vocabulary

  The Human Body and Anatomy

  
  

  Useful Vocabulary

  The Human Body

  ankle | arm | chest | foot | hand | knee leg | neck | shoulder	back | bottom | calf | elbow | head heel | thigh
  Close up on the foot	Close up on the hand
  ankle | big toe | heel | little toe | toenail	index finger | knuckle | fingernails little finger | middle finger ring finger | thumb | wrist

  

  Build Up

  Inside the Body - Simple Anatomy

  bladder	The organ inside the body of a person, where urine is stored before it leaves the body.
  bone	The hard parts inside a human or animal that make up its frame.
  brain	The organ inside the head that controls thought, memory, feelings and activity.
  digestive system	The organs in your body that digest food.
  ear	The ear is made up of three different sections: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. These parts all work together so you can hear and process sounds.
  eye	'The eyes takes in information about the world around you - shapes, colours, movement, and more. Then they send the information to your brain.
  heart	The heart sends blood around the body. The blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body.
  kidney	One of the main jobs of the kidneys is to filter the waste out of the blood.
  liver	A large organ in the body which cleans the blood and produces bile (a bitter yellow liquid which helps to digest fat).
  lungs	The lungs are one of the largest organs in the body, they work with the respiratory system to take in fresh air, and get rid of stale air.
  mouth	The opening in the face which consists of the lips and the space between them, or the space behind which contains the teeth and the tongue.
  skeleton	The frame of bones that support the body.
  spine	The line of bones down the centre of the back that provides support for the body.
  teeth	The hard white objects in the mouth, which are used for biting and chewing.
  tooth	(see above)
  urinary tract	The parts of the body which produce and carry urine.

  

  Naturally Speaking

  Describing aches and pains

  If your head hurts:	"I've got a headache." or "My head aches."
  If your stomach hurts:	"I've got stomach ache." or "My stomach aches."
  If your back hurts:	"I've got backache." or "My back aches."
  If your neck hurts:	"I've got neckache." or ""My neck aches."
  If other parts of your body hurt:	"I've got a pain in my arm / leg etc."

  

  Dialogue

  Listening Practise:- It's Monday morning and Mr Smith has gone to see the doctor.
  Doctor:	Hello Mr Smith. We haven't seen you in a while. What seems to be the problem?
  Mr Smith	Well, I fell off the ladder whilst I was decorating and hurt my ankle. It swelled up and hasn't gone down since.
  Doctor:	OK - let's have a look, take off your shoe and sock and roll up your trouser leg. (Examines ankle) Ah yes, I think we had better send you to the hospital to get this X-rayed. You may have broken a bone.
  Mr Smith:	What? You're joking! No wonder it hurts so much.

   

   

   

  S H A P E S

  
  

  Shape

  
  

  
  

  This article is about describing the shape of an object. For common shapes, see list of geometric shapes. For other uses, see Shape (disambiguation).

  The shape (Old English: gesceap, created thing) of an object located in some space is a geometrical description of the part of that space occupied by the object, as determined by its external boundary – abstracting from location and orientation in space, size, and other properties such as colour, content, and material composition.

  Mathematician and statistician David George Kendall writes:^[1]

  In this paper ‘shape’ is used in the vulgar sense, and means what one would normally expect it to mean. [...] We here define ‘shape’ informally as ‘all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale^[2] and rotational effects are filtered out from an object.’
  

  Simple shapes can be described by basic geometry objects such as a set of two or more points, a line, a curve, a plane, a plane figure (e.g. square or circle), or a solid figure (e.g. cube or sphere). Most shapes occurring in the physical world are complex. Some, such as plant structures and coastlines, may be so arbitrary as to defy traditional mathematical description – in which case they may be analyzed by differential geometry, or as fractals.

  Contents

  Rigid shape definition

  In geometry, two subsets of a Euclidean space have the same shape if one can be transformed to the other by a combination of translations, rotations (together also called rigid transformations), and uniform scalings. In other words, the shape of a set of points is all the geometrical information that is invariant to translations, rotations, and size changes. Having the same shape is an equivalence relation, and accordingly a precise mathematical definition of the notion of shape can be given as being an equivalence class of subsets of a Euclidean space having the same shape.

  Shapes of physical objects are equal if the subsets of space these objects occupy satisfy the definition above. In particular, the shape does not depend on the size and placement in space of the object. For instance, a "p" and a "d" have the same shape, as they can be perfectly superimposed if the "p" is translated to the right by a given distance, rotated upside down and magnified by a given factor (see Procrustes superimposition for details). However, a mirror image could be called a different shape. For instance, a "b" and a "d" have a different shape, at least when they are constrained to move within a two-dimensional space like the page on which they are written. Even though they have the same size, there's no way to perfectly superimpose them by traslating and rotating them along the page. Similarly, within a three-dimensional space, a right hand and a left hand have a different shape, even if they are the mirror images of each other. Shapes may change if the object is scaled non uniformly. For example, a sphere becomes an ellipsoid when scaled differently in the vertical and horizontal directions. In other words, preserving axes of symmetry (if they exist) is important for preserving shapes. Also, shape is determined by only the outer boundary of an object. For example, a solid ice cube and a second ice cube containing an inner cavity (air bubble) have the same shape.

  Objects that can be transformed into each other by rigid transformations and mirroring are congruent. An object is therefore congruent to its mirror image (even if it is not symmetric), but not to a scaled version. Objects that have the same shape or one has the same shape as the other's mirror image (or both if they are themselves symmetric) are called geometrically similar. Thus congruent objects are always geometrically similar, but geometrical similarity additionally allows uniform scaling.

  Non-rigid shape definition

  A more flexible definition of shape takes into consideration the fact that realistic shapes are often deformable, e.g. a person in different postures, a tree bending in the wind or a hand with different finger positions. By allowing also isometric (or near-isometric) deformations like bending, the intrinsic geometry of the object will stay the same, while sub-parts might be located at very different positions in space. This definition uses the fact that, geodesics (curves measured along the surface of the object) stay the same, independent of the isometric embedding. This means that the distance from a finger to a toe of a person measured along the body is always the same, independent of posture. By only considering geodesic distances or other isometric properties as done in spectral shape analysis, it is possible to retrieve all cats in a database of animals independent of the pose.

  Colloquial shape definition 

  Shape can also be more loosely defined as "the appearance of something, especially its outline". This definition is consistent with the above, in that the shape of a set does not depend on its position, size or orientation. However, it does not always imply an exact mathematical transformation. For example it is common to talk of star-shaped objects even though the number of points of the star is not defined.

  Philosophical skepticism of definitions

  In Plato's Meno, Socrates questions Meno as to the most accurate definition of a figure/shape. By showing the possibility of there being more than one definition, Socrates shows that a definition cannot wholly and accurately describe something and that there is no one absolute definition for anything including shape.^[3]

  Shape analysis

  Main article: Statistical shape analysis

  The modern definition of shape^{[clarification needed]} has arisen in the field of statistical shape analysis. In particular Procrustes analysis, which is a technique for analyzing the statistical distributions of shapes. These techniques have been used to examine the alignments of random points. Other methods are designed to work with non-rigid (bendable) objects, e.g. for posture independent shape retrieval (see for example Spectral shape analysis).

  Shapes is all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filltered out from an object

  
  

  And this is some of them..

  
  

   

  Triangle

   

    Circle

   

  Hexagon

   

   Parallelogram

   

   Octagon

   

  Oval

  
  

   

  Pentagon

  
  

   

  Rectangle

  
  

   

  Square

  
  

   

                                                   Trapezium